Radio Frequency Splitter

ABSTRACT

A multichannel splitter formed from 1 to 2 splitters. An input terminal of a first 1 to 2 splitter defines an input of the multichannel splitter. The 1 to 2 splitters are electrically series-connected. First respective outputs of the 1 to 2 splitters define output terminals of the multichannel splitter.

This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/302,891, filed on Nov. 22, 2011, which claims the priority benefit of French Patent Application Number 11/50520, filed Jan. 24, 2011, which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention generally relates to electronic circuits, and more specifically to electronic systems operating at high frequencies (approximately ranging from several GHz to several tens of GHz) and requiring a power splitting, respectively a power combination. The present invention especially aims at the forming of radio frequency signal combiners and of radio frequency signal splitters, for radio frequency transceiver chains.

BACKGROUND

Radio frequency transceiver chains (RF) are often equipped with frequency combiners/splitters associated with a beam-forming intended for adaptive antennas. The use of adaptive antennas enables one to create a resulting beam in the transmitter or receiver direction and to focus the transmission, for example, to increase the range towards the other system with which the transmission chain communicates.

Adaptive antennas are generally formed of several directional antennas, each individually associated with a transmit or receive channel. The different channels are individually controlled according to the direction desired for the transmission, and are combined (in receive mode) to provide a resulting signal to the processing circuits, or originate (in transmit mode) from a power splitter receiving a signal to be transmitted.

Power combiners or splitters use, in the frequency field to which the present invention applies, conductive line sections associated with impedances and generally are 2-to-1 combiners and 1-to-2 splitters. When the number of channels to be combined or divided is greater than 2, several 2-to-1 combiners or 1-to-2 splitters are cascaded to form 1-to-4, 1-to-8, 1-to-16, or other circuits. Such architectures are set, that is, the number of channels is set for a given electronic circuit. Now, not all channels are necessarily permanently used. This is especially true for adaptive antenna systems where, according to the beam forming, some channels are likely not to be used. In such a case, in transmit mode, part of the power is lost. Further, this results in particularly bulky systems since the form factor of the electronic circuit depends on the way in which the splitter/combiner is formed.

Similar problems may be encountered in other electronic architectures which operate at high frequency ranges (from several GHz to several tens of GHz). Such is for example the case for clock distribution trees as clock frequencies becomes higher and higher, in particular in the field of microprocessors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide for a multichannel splitter formed from 1-to-2 splitters. An input terminal of a first 1-to-2 splitter defines an input of the multichannel splitter. The 1-to-2 splitters are electrically series-connected, and first respective outputs of the 1-to-2 splitters define output terminals of the multichannel splitter.

In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide for a radio frequency transmission system. The system includes a transmit circuit capable of receiving baseband signals and of providing a signal to be transmitted, and at least three channels, each comprising a 1-to-2 splitter, the splitters being series-connected to form a multichannel splitter. An input terminal of a first 1-to-2 splitter defines an input of the multichannel splitter, and first respective outputs of the 1-to-2 splitters define output terminals of the multichannel splitter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmission system of the type to which the described embodiments apply as an example;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional 8-channel radio frequency splitter or combiner architecture;

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a 2-to-1 combiner or 1-to-2 splitter;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a combiner of more than 2 channels;

FIG. 5 illustrates the connection of an embodiment of a 2-to-1 combiner in the circuit of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a splitter towards more than 2 channels;

FIG. 7 illustrates the connection of an embodiment of a 1-to-2 splitter in the circuit of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a single-channel transceiver circuit;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter intended to be associated with several circuits of FIG. 8; and

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a way to connect a transmitter such as illustrated in FIG. 9 with several circuits such as illustrated in FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

An embodiment provides an architecture for combining and splitting channels conveying signals within a frequency range corresponding to radio frequencies, which overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of current architectures.

Another embodiment provides an architecture adaptable to different electronic system configurations.

Another embodiment provides a combiner of more than two channels.

Another embodiment provides a splitter of more than two radio frequency channels.

Thus, an embodiment provides a multichannel splitter formed from 1-to-2 splitters. An input terminal of a first 1-to-2 splitter defines an input of the multichannel splitter. The 1-to-2 splitters are electrically series-connected. First respective outputs of the 1-to-2 splitters define output terminals of the multichannel splitter.

According to an embodiment, an amplifier of fixed gain is interposed between a second output of each 1-to-2 splitter and an input terminal of the 1-to-2 splitter of next rank.

According to an embodiment, the number of 1-to-2 splitters is equal to the number of channels.

According to an embodiment, the number of 1-to-2 splitters and of amplifiers is equal to the number of channels minus one, the output of the amplifier of the penultimate channel defining a last output terminal.

An embodiment provides a radio frequency transmission system. In this embodiment, a transmit circuit is capable of receiving baseband signals and of providing a signal to be transmitted. At least three channels are included. Each of the channels comprises a 1-to-2 splitter, which are series-connected to form a multichannel splitter such as described hereabove.

According to an embodiment, each circuit further comprises a 2-to-1 combiner, the combiners of the different channels being electrically series-connected.

The same elements have been designated with the same reference numerals in the different drawings. For clarity, only those elements which are useful to the understanding of the embodiments have been shown and will be described. In particular, the generation of the signals to be transmitted and the processing of the received signals have not been detailed, the present disclosure being compatible with usual generations and processings.

The embodiments which will be described refer to a radio frequency transceiver system. These embodiments more generally transpose to any architecture in which signals at radio frequencies (from several GHz to several tens of GHz) have to be conveyed in an electronic circuit. In particular, although reference will be made hereafter to radio frequency signals, the signals are not necessarily intended to be transmitted or received in an actual radio frequency transmission system and may designate signals in other applications to such frequency ranges.

In the application to radio frequency transmissions, the forming of adaptive antennas or of antenna arrays exploitable with the embodiments to be described has not been detailed, the present invention requiring no modification of such adaptive antennas or antenna arrays.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a radio frequency transmission system of the type to which the described embodiments apply as an example. On the transmit side, a signal Tx to be transmitted is shaped by an electronic transmit circuit 1. This circuit for example is a microcontroller or any other circuit for shaping data to be transmitted. The digital signal originating from circuit 1 is converted by a digital-to-analog converter 12 (DAC) to be used as a modulation signal by a carrier provided by a local oscillator 2 (OL) to a modulator 14. The output of modulator 14 is sent to a beam amplification and forming circuit 3 having the function of adapting the gain and the phase of the signal to focus the transmission of an adaptive antenna towards a receiver for which the transmission is intended.

In the example of FIG. 1, the use of an array 4 of several (n) adaptive antennas 4 ₁, . . . , 4 _(n) of limited radiation is assumed. Accordingly, circuit 3 comprises as many (n) channels 3 ₁, . . . , 3 _(n) as network 4 comprises adaptive antennas. The signal originating from modulator 14 crosses a splitter 16 (SPLITTER) to distribute the signal to the different channels 3 _(i) (with i ranging between 1 and n).

Each transmit channel for example comprises a phase-shifter amplifier 32 _(i) (32 ₁, . . . , 32 _(n)-PS₁, . . . , PS_(n)) associated with a power amplifier 34 _(i) (34 ₁, . . . , 34 _(n)-PA₁, . . . , PA_(R)). The output of each transmit amplifier (channel 3 _(i)) is sent onto antenna 4 _(i) of the concerned channel. Phase-shifter and power amplifiers 32 _(i) and 34 _(i) receive, from microcontroller 1, control signals CT intended to individually set the phase and the gain of each channel. These control signals are generated from measurements performed by couplers (not shown in FIG. 1) interposed on the transmit lines, generally as close as possible to the antennas.

On the receive side, a similar array 4′ of antennas 4′₁, . . . , 4′_(n) senses a signal. The antennas have been shown to be separate from the transmit antennas, but can be the same for the transmission and the reception. This is why their number is generally identical. The sensed signal is transmitted to an amplification and shaping circuit 5 comprising n (n being greater than 2) receive channels, each provided with a low-noise amplifier 54 _(i) (54 ₁, . . . , 54 _(n)-LNA₁, . . . , LNA_(n)) followed by a phase shifter 52 _(i) (52 ₁, . . . , 52 _(n)-PS₁, . . . , PS_(n)) or an amplifier/phase shifter. The outputs of amplifiers/phase shifters 52 _(i) are sent to a combiner 26 (COMBINER) having its output sent onto a demodulator 24 also receiving the signal originating from local oscillator 2. The output of demodulator 24 is converted by an analog-to-digital converter 22 (ADC) having its output sent onto microcontroller 1 (signal Rx) Like for the transmission, the amplifiers (low-noise amplifiers and phase shifters) receive control signals CT from microcontroller 1 to adjust the phase and the gain.

Since the reception beam has the same direction as the transmission beam, microcontroller 1 selects the same phase-shift in transmit and in receive mode. Although this has not been shown, be it on the transmit or on the receive side, other impedance matching, coupling, and other circuits are generally present in the transceiver chains.

FIG. 2 schematically shows in the form of blocks an example of an 8-to-1 combiner or 1-to-8 splitter respecting a usual architecture. The circuit of FIG. 2 is formed of several 2-to-1 combiners or 1-to-2 splitters associated in cascade. A first combiner/splitter 36 ₁ has its common terminal connected on the general signal side. This terminal forms either a common input terminal IN_(C), or a common output terminal OUT_(C). Each output terminal of the splitter, respectively input terminal of the combiner referred to as 36 ₁, is connected to the input, respectively to the output, of a splitter or combiner 36 ₂, 36 ₃. Four channels are obtained at the output of splitters/combiners 36 ₂ and 36 ₃. Each of these channels is connected to the input, respectively the output, of a splitter or combiner 36 ₄, 36 ₅, 36 ₆, 36 ₇. The outputs, respectively the inputs of splitters, respectively combiners, 36 ₄ to 36 ₇ define output terminals OUT₁ to OUT₈, respectively input terminals IN₁ to IN₈, corresponding to 8 channels.

As appears from the cascade association of FIG. 2, seven 1-to-2 splitters or 2-to-1 combiners are required to obtain a 1-to-8 splitter or an 8-to-1 combiner. Further, due to the association of these different circuits, they must all be used. Further still, from an industrial point of view, a transmission circuit must be designed according to the number of channels and each multichannel combiner/splitter (with more than 2 channels) is dedicated to an application.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment 7 of a so-called Wilkinson 1-to-2 splitter or 2-to-1 combiner. This circuit is based on the use of two λ/4 lines 71 and 72 which are interconnected by a first end and having their other respective ends connected by a resistor 79 of value 2Z0, where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the system (generally 50 or 75Ω). Each λ/4 line 71, 72 has an impedance of value Z0√{square root over (2)}. The common point of lines 71 and 72 defines a terminal 76 forming input IN of the splitter or output OUT of the combiner. The other end of line 71 defines a terminal 77 forming output OUT of the splitter or input IN of the combiner. The other end of line 72 defines a second terminal 78 forming output OUT of the splitter or input IN of the combiner. Such a combiner/splitter may also be formed with local components of inductance or capacitor type. The structure of FIG. 3 is usual and capable of being used in architectures of the type in FIG. 2 as an element 36.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a multichannel combiner 26. Circuit 26 is based on the use of 2-to-1 combiners, 26 ₁-to-26 _(n-1), where n is the number of input channels of the combiner. Circuit 26 comprises n input terminals N₁ to IN_(n). Each input terminal IN₁ is connected to the input of a variable-gain amplifier 35 _(i) having its output, for the n−1 first channels, connected to a first input terminal 27 _(i) of 2-to-1 combiner 26 _(i). Combiners 26 _(i) are series-connected, output terminal 28 _(i) of a combiner of rank i being directly connected to the second output terminal 29 _(i−1) of the combiner of previous rank. Output terminal 28 ₁ of first combiner 26 ₁ defines output terminal OUT_(C) of combiner 26. Second input terminal 29 _(n-1) of splitter 26 _(n-1) of the penultimate channel receives the output of amplifier 35 _(n) of the last channel.

The gains of amplifiers 35 enable compensation for the power loss due to the series association of the combiners. The respective gains A_(i) of amplifiers 35 _(i) are, for the activated channels, and neglecting the loss, equal to A_(i)=A₁+10·log(2^(i-2)), where A₁ is the gain, in dB, of amplifier 35 ₁. Thus, each channel of rank i has a gain greater by 3 dB than the channel of lower rank i−1. Contributions of same levels of each of the channels are thus obtained on the output signal present on terminal OUT_(C).

As visually appears from FIG. 4, it is possible to deactivate an input channel, for example, by turning off the corresponding amplifier 35 _(i) without altering the operation of the different combiners. Indeed, combiner 26 _(i) of the deactivated channel will keep on transmitting, with a 3-dB attenuation, the signal present on its terminal 29 _(i) to the combiner of lower rank.

As compared with the structure of FIG. 2, an n to 1 combiner may be formed by using n−1 2-to-1 combiners. The presence of variable-gain amplifiers is not disturbing in the architecture since such amplifiers are already present in each receive channel (see FIG. 1). It should be noted that the n-th channel may also comprise a combiner 26 _(n) having its second input grounded by an impedance of value Z0. An embodiment of a multichannel architecture will be described later on in relation with FIG. 10.

FIG. 5 shows a combiner 7 of the type illustrated in FIG. 3 and illustrates the assembly of such a combiner in the architecture of FIG. 4. Common terminal 76 of the two λ/4 lines 71 and 72 defines terminal 28 _(i) of combiner 26 _(i) of the circuit of FIG. 4. One of the two terminals 77 or 78 (in the example of FIG. 5, arbitrarily, terminal 77) defines input terminal 27 _(i) of combiner 26 _(i). Third terminal 78 defines terminal 29 _(i) of combiner 26 _(i). Although the connection is different from the usual situation of Wilkinson splitters/combiners, the circuit is effectively assembled as a combiner of the signals reaching its inputs 27 _(i) and 29 _(i). Other usual combiners may be used, provided for these to be 2-to-1 combiners.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of an architecture of a power splitter 16. This 1 to n splitter is based on 1-to-2 splitters 16 _(i) (with i ranging between 1 and n) by a number n equal to the number of output channels. Input terminal 17 ₁ of a first splitter 16 ₁ defines input terminal IN_(C) of 1 to n splitter 16. The two other terminals (outputs) of splitter 16 ₁ respectively define an output terminal 18 ₁ defining first output OUT₁ of splitter 16 and a second output 19 ₁ of splitter 16 ₁. Second output 19 ₁ is connected, via an amplifier 37 ₁, to input 17 ₂ of splitter 16 ₂ of next rank. The series connection of splitters 16 _(i) carries on until the last one, 16 _(n), the respective outputs 18 _(i) of the different splitters defining outputs OUT_(i) of splitter 16. Second output 19 _(n) of the last splitter 16 _(n) is loaded with an impedance Z0 corresponding to the value of the characteristic impedance of the circuit. As a variation, the last splitter and amplifier 37 _(n-1) of the last channel are omitted and output 19 _(n-1) defines output 16 _(n).

Neglecting the loss, each amplifier 37 _(i) introduces a 3-dB gain, to compensate, from one stage to the other, the attenuation introduced by the upstream splitter and to thus balance output powers. Decreasing the number of channels is simply performed by only connecting the number of desired splitters, starting from the first one.

FIG. 7 illustrates the connection of a 2-to-1 splitter of the type in FIG. 3 in the assembly of FIG. 6. Input terminal 76 (terminal common to λ/4 lines 71 and 72) defines input terminal 17 _(i) of splitter 16 _(i) of rank i. A first one of the output terminals (for example, terminal 77) defines output terminal 18 _(i). Second output terminal 78 (which has a function symmetrical to terminal 77) defines terminal 19 _(i) connected to the next splitter.

Like for the embodiment of FIG. 4 in the combiner version, the series association of the splitters in the embodiment of FIG. 6 enables, for a given number of channels, to decrease the number of 1-to-2 splitters used.

The embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 6 may be exploited in individualized fashion in radio frequency circuits (transmission, clock tree, or other circuits). According to an embodiment more specifically intended for RF transmission architectures, these connection modes are advantageously exploited to optimize such an architecture.

FIG. 8 very schematically shows in the form of blocks an embodiment of a circuit 8 _(i) forming an antenna connection circuit in an architecture which will be described later on in relation with FIG. 10. Circuit 8 _(i) integrates the transmit and receive portions of a transmit channel and comprises circuits 3 _(i) of amplification and phase shift of the transmit channel and circuits 5 _(i) of amplification and phase shift of the receive channel. Transmit channel 3 _(i) is associated with a splitter 16 _(i) while receive channel 5 _(i) is associated with a combiner 26 _(i). In the example of FIG. 8, output 18 _(i) of splitter 16 _(i) is connected to the input of a variable-gain power amplifier 34 _(i) (PA) via a variable phase-shifter 32 _(i). The output of amplifier 34 _(i) is connected to the input of a fixed-gain power amplifier 34′_(i) having its output connected to a first terminal of an antenna switch 81. Switch 81 is in charge of directing the transmitted signals to an antenna 4 _(i) and the signals received from the antenna to the transmit channel. As a variation, two antennas (4 _(i) and 4′_(i), FIG. 1) are respectively used for the transmission and the reception. The other terminal of antenna switch 81 is connected to the input of the receive channel having its amplification and phase-shift portion comprising, in the present example, a low-noise amplifier 54′_(i) of fixed gain, followed by a low-noise amplifier 54 _(i) of variable gain and by a variable phase-shifter 52 _(i) having its output connected to input 27 _(i) of combiner 26 _(i). The role of amplifier 35 _(i) (FIG. 4) of combiner 26 is played by amplifier 54 _(i) of branch 5 _(i). Terminals 28 _(i) and 29 _(i) are respectively connected to terminals RxOUT and RxIN of circuit 8 _(i). Terminals 17 _(i) and 19 _(i) of splitter 16 _(i) are respectively connected to input and output terminals, respectively TxIN and TxOUT, of circuit 8 _(i), terminals 19 _(i) being connected to terminal TxOUT via a fixed-gain amplifier 37 _(i) introducing a 3-dB gain.

As an example, couplers 83 _(i) and 84 _(i) are respectively interposed between terminal 28 _(i) and terminal RxOUT and between the output of amplifier 34′_(i) and antenna switch 81. These couplers are used to sample information relative to the received power and especially to the beam forming in an application to a radio frequency transmission. Several circuits 8 _(i) such as illustrated in FIG. 8 are series-assembled in a transmission architecture exploiting a common transmitter.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of such a transmitter 9. This transmitter receives signals to be transmitted from a processing unit (for example, equivalent to circuit 1 of FIG. 1) and transmits received signals to such a processing unit. In the example of FIG. 9, differentially-processed signals are assumed. Further, an architecture with a double conversion frequency (heterodyne) is assumed. Such an architecture is based on a current structure.

Thus, circuit 9 comprises two pairs INBB1 and INBB2 of differential inputs of the baseband signals. These inputs are applied to low-pass filters 91 ₁ and 91 ₂ having their outputs applied to the inputs of two mixers 92 ₁ and 92 ₂. Mixers 92 form modulators and receive, from a local oscillator OL, signals corresponding to modulation carriers. These signals are generally amplified by amplifiers 93 ₁ and 93 ₂. The respective outputs of mixers 92 ₁ and 92 ₂ are mixed (mixer 94) and form signals of modulation, by mixer 94, of a carrier at twice the local oscillator frequency provided by a multiplier 95 of the local oscillator frequency. The output of modulator 94 is applied to the input of a power amplifier 96 (PA) having its output forming signal Tx to be transmitted.

On the transmit side, a signal Rx is applied to the input of a low-noise amplifier 97 of settable gain, having its output applied to the input of a demodulator 98 receiving the frequencies of multiplier 95. Differential outputs of demodulator 98 are applied, after crossing of a gain-control amplifier 99, to inputs of two mixers or demodulators 100 ₁ and 100 ₂ having second respective differential inputs receiving signals provided by the local oscillator via amplifiers 101 ₁ and 101 ₂. The respective outputs of demodulators 100 ₁ and 100 ₂ provide baseband signals to variable-gain amplifiers 102 ₁ and 102 ₂, having their respective outputs applied to low-pass filters 103 ₁ and 103 ₂. The filters provide, if desired after an additional amplification 104 ₁ and 104 ₂, pairs OUTBB1 and OUTBB2 of differential baseband signals.

The circuit of FIG. 9 is a simplified example based on usual components. The different signals for controlling the transmitter power supply have not been detailed. It should further be noted that, as compared with the embodiment of FIG. 1, signals INBB and OUTBB are assumed to correspond to the analog signals respectively downstream of digital-to-analog converters and upstream of analog-to-digital converters. Further, other transmit circuits may be used, without necessarily providing two modulation frequency bands.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a transmit system based on a transmit circuit 9 of the type illustrated in FIG. 9 and of n antenna circuits 8 _(i) of the type illustrated in FIG. 8. Output Tx of circuit 9 is connected to input TxIN of first circuit 8 ₁ and output RxOUT of this first antenna circuit is connected to input Rx of circuit 9. Output TxOUT of the circuit of rank i is connected to input TxIN of circuit 8 _(i+1) of next rank until circuit 8 _(n-1), output TxOUT of circuit 8 _(n) being left floating. Input RxIN of a circuit of rank i is directly connected to output RxOUT of circuit 8 _(i+1) of next rank until the circuit of rank n−1, input RxIN of the circuit of rank n being left floating. A system such as illustrated in FIG. 10 may be integrated with a great liberty of arrangement of blocks 8 _(i) and 9. This improves the form factor of the integrated circuit.

An advantage induced by the described embodiments is that the different connections between combiners and splitters do not cross outside of blocks 8 _(i). This considerably eases the interconnect forming.

Various embodiments have been described. Various alterations, modifications, and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art. In particular, the selection of the gains to be introduced by the amplifiers of the combiners and splitters will be adapted, with respect to the 3-dB per channel gain, according to the loss expected in the circuit. Further, the practical implementation of the described embodiments is within the abilities of those skilled in the art based on the functional indications given hereabove. Moreover, although the embodiments have been described in relation with an example of application to a radio frequency transmission system, they more generally and individually apply to any system conveying high-frequency signals (in the radio brand from several GHz to several tens of GHz). Finally, although reference has been made to splitters and combiners in conductive lines, splitters and combiners with lumped elements (inductive and capacitive elements) may also be used.

Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting. The present invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A multichannel splitter having an input and a plurality of outputs, the multichannel splitter comprising: a first 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal that serves as the input of the multichannel splitter and a first output that serves as a first output of the multichannel splitter; a second 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to a second output of the first 1-to-2 splitter and a first output that serves as a second output of the multichannel splitter; and a third 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to a second output of the second 1-to-2 splitter and a first output that serves as a third output of the multichannel splitter.
 2. The multichannel splitter of claim 1, further comprising a fourth 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to a second output of the third 1-to-2 splitter and a first output that serves as a fourth output of the multichannel splitter.
 3. The multichannel splitter of claim 1, further comprising: a first amplifier coupled between the input terminal of the second 1-to-2 splitter and the second output of the first 1-to-2 splitter; and a second amplifier coupled between the input terminal of the third 1-to-2 splitter and the second output of the second 1-to-2 splitter.
 4. The multichannel splitter of claim 3, wherein the first amplifier comprises a first fixed gain amplifier with a gain of about 3 dB and the second amplifier comprises a second fixed gain amplifier with a gain of about 3 dB.
 5. A radio frequency transmission system comprising: a transceiver circuit capable of receiving baseband signals and of providing a signal to be transmitted; a first 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to the transceiver circuit to receive the signal to be transmitted and a first output that is to be coupled to a first channel; a second 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to a second output of the first 1-to-2 splitter and a first output that is to be coupled to a second channel; and a third 1-to-2 splitter that includes an input terminal coupled to a second output of the second 1-to-2 splitter and a first output that is to be coupled to a third channel.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein each channel further comprises a 2-to-1 combiner, the combiners of different channels being electrically series-connected.
 7. The system of claim 5, further comprising a plurality of 2-to-1 combiners, wherein: an output terminal of a first 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to receive input of the transceiver; an output terminal of a second 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to a first input of the first 2-to-1 combiner; and an output terminal of a third 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to a first input of the second 2-to-1 combiner.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein: a second input of the first 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to the first channel; a second input of the second 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to the second channel; and a second input of the third 2-to-1 combiner is coupled to the third channel.
 9. The system of claim 5, further comprising: a first antenna coupled to the first channel; a second antenna coupled to the first channel; and a third antenna coupled to the first channel, wherein the first, second and third antennas form an antenna array.
 10. The system of claim 9, further comprising: a first amplifier coupled in the first channel between the first 1-to-2 splitter and the first antenna; a second amplifier coupled in the second channel between the second 1-to-2 splitter and the second antenna; and a third amplifier coupled in the third channel between the third 1-to-2 splitter and the third antenna.
 11. The system of claim 5, further comprising a digital-to-analog circuit coupled between the input terminal of the first 1-to-2 splitter and the transceiver circuit.
 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a modulator coupled between the digital-to-analog circuit and the input terminal of the first 1-to-2 splitter.
 13. The system of claim 5, wherein the first, second and third 1-to-2 splitters each comprise: a first λ/4 line having a first end and a second end; a second λ/4 line having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end of the first λ/4 line and the first end of the second λ/4 line are connected together and form an input of the 1-to-2 splitter; and an impedance connected between the second end of the first λ/4 line and the second end of the second λ/4 line, wherein the second end of the first λ/14 line forms a first output of the 1-to-2 splitter and wherein the second end of the second λ/4 line forms a second output of the 1-to-2 splitter.
 14. A radio frequency transmission system comprising: a transceiver circuit having a receive input; a first 2-to-1 combiner that includes an output terminal coupled to the receive input of the transceiver circuit and a first input coupled to a first channel; a second 2-to-1 combiner that includes an output terminal coupled to a second input of the first 2-to-1 combiner and a first input coupled to a second channel; and a third 2-to-1 combiner that includes an output terminal coupled to a second input of the second 2-to-1 combiner and a first input coupled to a third channel.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein each channel further comprises a 1-to-2 splitter, the splitters of different channels being electrically series-connected.
 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising: a first antenna coupled to the first channel; a second antenna coupled to the first channel; and a third antenna coupled to the first channel, wherein the first, second and third antennas form an antenna array.
 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising: a first amplifier coupled in the first channel between the first 2-to-1 combiner and the first antenna; a second amplifier coupled in the second channel between the second 2-to-1 combiner and the second antenna; and a third amplifier coupled in the third channel between the third 2-to-1 combiner and the third antenna.
 18. The system of claim 14, further comprising a digital-to-analog circuit coupled between the output terminal of the first 2-to-1 combiner and the transceiver circuit.
 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising a modulator coupled between the digital-to-analog circuit and the output terminal of the first 2-to-1 combiner.
 20. A system comprising: a transceiver circuit having: a transmission input configured to receive a baseband signal and a transmission output configured to output a modulated signal for transmission; and a receiver input configured to receive a modulated received signal and a receiver output configured to output a base band received signal; a multichannel splitter/combiner coupled to the transceiver circuit, the multichannel splitter/combiner including n splitter/combiner circuits, n being an integer, the multichannel splitter/combiner comprising: a first splitter/combiner circuit with a transmission input coupled to the transmission output of the transceiver circuit, an antenna output coupled to a first antenna, and a transmission output; at least one intermediate splitter/combiner circuit with a transmission input coupled to the transmission output of the preceding splitter/combiner circuit in the series, an antenna output coupled to a respective antenna, and a transmission output coupled to a succeeding splitter/combiner circuit in the series; and an nth splitter/combiner circuit with a transmission input coupled to the transmission output of the preceding intermediate splitter/combiner in the series and an antenna output coupled to an nth antenna.
 21. The system of claim 20, wherein: the last splitter/combiner circuit has an antenna input coupled to the last antenna, and a receiver output; the at least one intermediate splitter/combiner circuit has an antenna input coupled the respective antenna, having a receiver input coupled to the receiver output of the last splitter/combiner circuit, and having a receiver output coupled to a receiver input of a preceding splitter/combiner circuit in the series; and the first splitter/combiner circuit having an antenna input coupled to the first antenna, a receiver input coupled to the receiver output of the succeeding splitter/combiner in the series, and having a receiver output coupled to the receiver input of the transceiver circuit.
 22. The system of claim 20, wherein n is equal to three.
 23. The system of claim 20, wherein the first antenna, the respective antennas, and the last antenna form an antenna array.
 24. The system of claim 20 further comprising: n variable phase-shifters, each having an input coupled to the respective antenna output of the respective splitter/combiner circuit; n variable gain power amplifiers, each having an input coupled to an output of the respective variable phase-shifter; and n fixed-gain power amplifiers, each having an input coupled to an output of the respective variable gain power amplifier, and an output coupled to the respective antenna.
 25. The system of claim 20, wherein the base band signal is a differential signal and the base band received signal is a differential signal.
 26. A method comprising: (a) receiving an original signal for transmission; (b) splitting the signal into two sub-signals; (c) passing a first of the two sub-signals to a first antenna; (d) splitting a second of the two sub-signals into two further sub-signals; (e) passing a first of the two further sub-signals to an (N_(i))th antenna; (f) splitting a second of the two further sub-signals into two next sub-signals; (g) repeating steps (e) and (f) until (N−1) sub-signals having been passed to N−1 antennas; and (h) passing a last of the sub-signals to an Nth antenna, where N is an integer, and where i varies from 1 to N such that each sub-signal is passed to a respective one antenna.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising: (i) receiving N original sub-signals; (j) combining a sub-signal N₁ with a sub-signal N₂ to form a combined signal C_(j); (k) combining a sub-signal N_(i) with combined signal C_(j); and (l) repeating step (j) until all N sub-signals have been combined as i varies from 3 to N and as j varies from 1 to N−1.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein N equals
 3. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein: step (b) is performed by a first 1-to-2 splitter; step (c) comprises passing the first of the two sub-signals from a first output of the first 1-to-2 splitter to the first antenna; and step (d) comprises passing the second of the two sub-signals from a second output of the first 1-to-2 splitter to a second 1-to-2 splitter.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein: step (e) comprises passing the first of the two further sub-signals from a first output of the second 1-to-2 splitter to the (N_(i))th antenna; and step (f) comprises passing the second of the two further sub-signals to a (N_(i))th splitter. 